Using Bacterial Effectors to Uncover Innate Immune Mechanisms Restricting Viral Replication in Bat Cells

  • Funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH)
  • Total publications:1 publications

Grant number: 1R21AI169558-01A1

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Key facts

  • Disease

    Zika virus disease, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
  • Start & end year

    2023
    2025
  • Known Financial Commitments (USD)

    $246,000
  • Funder

    National Institutes of Health (NIH)
  • Principal Investigator

    ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Don Gammon
  • Research Location

    United States of America
  • Lead Research Institution

    UT SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER
  • Research Priority Alignment

    N/A
  • Research Category

    Animal and environmental research and research on diseases vectors

  • Research Subcategory

    Animal source and routes of transmission

  • Special Interest Tags

    Innovation

  • Study Type

    Non-Clinical

  • Clinical Trial Details

    N/A

  • Broad Policy Alignment

    Pending

  • Age Group

    Not Applicable

  • Vulnerable Population

    Not applicable

  • Occupations of Interest

    Not applicable

Abstract

ProjectÃ' SummaryÃ'  Ã'  BatsÃ' areÃ' importantÃ' reservoirsÃ' forÃ' diverseÃ' viralÃ' pathogensÃ' affectingÃ' humans.Ã' However,Ã' weÃ' haveÃ' aÃ' poorÃ'  understandingÃ'  ofÃ' theÃ'  keyÃ' batÃ'  innateÃ'  immunityÃ' factorsÃ'  thatÃ'  restrictÃ'  virusÃ'  replication.Ã'  FunctionalÃ'  assaysÃ'  thatÃ'  canÃ'  identifyÃ'  batÃ'  factorsÃ'  thatÃ'  areÃ'  trulyÃ'  relevantÃ'  toÃ'  combatingÃ'  virusesÃ'  areÃ'  neededÃ'  toÃ'  understandÃ'  theÃ'  innateÃ'  immuneÃ'  mechanismsÃ' thatÃ' ultimatelyÃ' defineÃ' batÃ' susceptibilityÃ' toÃ' viralÃ' infection.Ã' WhileÃ' historicallyÃ' suchÃ' functionalÃ' screensÃ'  haveÃ'  reliedÃ'  onÃ'  genome-Ã'­wideÃ'  genomicÃ'  editingÃ'  (e.g.Ã'  CRISPR-Ã'­Cas9)-Ã'­Ã'  orÃ'  RNAÃ'  interferenceÃ'  (RNAi)-Ã'­basedÃ'  techniques,Ã' suchÃ' platformsÃ' areÃ' unavailableÃ' forÃ' mostÃ' batÃ' species.Ã' Thus,Ã' newÃ' methodsÃ' forÃ' uncoveringÃ' functionally-Ã'­ relevantÃ' componentsÃ' ofÃ' theÃ' batÃ' immuneÃ' responseÃ' toÃ' virusÃ' infectionÃ' areÃ' needed.Ã' ToÃ' addressÃ' thisÃ' need,Ã' weÃ' haveÃ'  developedÃ'  anÃ'  innovativeÃ'  arbovirusÃ'  "rescue"Ã'  assayÃ'  whereinÃ'  immuneÃ'  evasionÃ'  proteinsÃ'  (IEPs)Ã'  encodedÃ'  byÃ'  mammalianÃ' pathogensÃ' canÃ' beÃ' expressedÃ' inÃ' batÃ' cellsÃ' andÃ' oneÃ' canÃ' assayÃ' forÃ' changesÃ' inÃ' batÃ' cellÃ' susceptibilityÃ' toÃ'  arbovirusÃ' infection.Ã' EnhancementÃ' ofÃ' arbovirusÃ' replicationÃ' afterÃ' expressionÃ' ofÃ' aÃ' candidateÃ' IEPÃ' indicatesÃ' thatÃ' theÃ'  IEPÃ'  likelyÃ'  inhibitsÃ'  batÃ'  immunityÃ'  mechanismsÃ'  thatÃ'  normallyÃ'  restrictÃ'  arbovirusÃ'  replication.Ã'  UsingÃ'  theseÃ'  IEPsÃ'  asÃ'  "tools",Ã'  oneÃ'  canÃ'  thenÃ'  identifyÃ'  theÃ'  batÃ'  immunityÃ'  factorsÃ'  theseÃ'  IEPsÃ'  target.Ã'  Thus,Ã'  thisÃ'  screeningÃ'  methodologyÃ'  providesÃ'  aÃ'  mechanismÃ'  toÃ'  bothÃ'  identifyÃ'  novelÃ'  IEPsÃ'  andÃ'  functionally-Ã'­relevantÃ'  componentsÃ'  ofÃ'  theÃ'  batÃ'  immuneÃ'  response.Ã' ToÃ' discoverÃ' IEPsÃ' thatÃ' promoteÃ' arbovirusÃ' replicationÃ' inÃ' batÃ' cells,Ã' weÃ' willÃ' screenÃ' anÃ' expressionÃ' libraryÃ'  encodingÃ' ~200Ã' bacterialÃ' effectorÃ' proteins.Ã' BacterialÃ' effectorsÃ' areÃ' proteinsÃ' secretedÃ' byÃ' pathogenicÃ' bacteriaÃ' intoÃ'  eukaryoticÃ'  hostsÃ'  cellsÃ'  thatÃ'  modulateÃ'  orÃ'  inhibitÃ'  variousÃ'  eukaryoticÃ'  cellularÃ'  processesÃ'  toÃ'  promoteÃ'  bacterialÃ'  replication.Ã'  ManyÃ'  bacterialÃ'  pathogensÃ'  thatÃ'  replicateÃ'  inÃ' theÃ'  cytoplasmÃ'  ofÃ'  eukaryoticÃ'  hostÃ' cellsÃ'  encodeÃ'  effectorsÃ'  thatÃ' functionÃ' asÃ' IEPs.Ã' Thus,Ã' weÃ' hypothesizeÃ' thatÃ' someÃ' effectorsÃ' mayÃ' suppressÃ' immuneÃ' responsesÃ' thatÃ' restrictÃ'  bothÃ'  bacteriaÃ'  andÃ'  cytoplasmicÃ'  virusesÃ'  suchÃ'  asÃ'  arboviruses.Ã'  Indeed,Ã'  ourÃ'  initialÃ'  screensÃ'  haveÃ'  identifiedÃ'  fourÃ'  effectorsÃ'  thatÃ'  promoteÃ'  theÃ'  replicationÃ'  ofÃ'  fourÃ'  differentÃ'  arbovirusesÃ'  whenÃ'  expressedÃ'  inÃ'  batÃ'  cells.Ã'  WeÃ'  haveÃ'  characterizedÃ' oneÃ' ofÃ' theseÃ' effectorÃ' screenÃ' "hits"Ã' asÃ' aÃ' novelÃ' ubiquitinÃ' ligaseÃ' thatÃ' targetsÃ' anÃ' uncharacterizedÃ' RingÃ'  FingerÃ' (RNF)Ã' Domain-Ã'­containingÃ' proteinÃ' forÃ' degradationÃ' inÃ' eukaryoticÃ' cells.Ã' Importantly,Ã' RNAiÃ' depletionÃ' ofÃ' thisÃ'  RNFÃ' factorÃ' inÃ' humanÃ' andÃ' batÃ' cellsÃ' promotesÃ' arbovirusÃ' replication,Ã' suggestingÃ' thatÃ' itÃ' mayÃ' beÃ' aÃ' novelÃ' componentÃ'  ofÃ' humanÃ' andÃ' batÃ' immuneÃ' responses.Ã' TheseÃ' resultsÃ' suggestÃ' thatÃ' weÃ' canÃ' useÃ' bacterialÃ' effectorsÃ' asÃ' toolsÃ' toÃ' bothÃ'  inhibit,Ã' andÃ' identify,Ã' functionally-Ã'­relevantÃ' immunityÃ' factorsÃ' inÃ' bats.Ã' OurÃ' studyÃ' hasÃ' theÃ' followingÃ' specificÃ' aims:Ã' 1)Ã'  IdentifyÃ'  bacterialÃ'  effectorÃ'  proteinsÃ'  thatÃ'  promoteÃ'  arbovirusÃ'  replicationÃ'  inÃ'  batÃ'  cells;;Ã'  2)Ã'  IdentifyÃ'  batÃ'  proteinsÃ'  interactingÃ'  withÃ'  effectorÃ'  “hits”Ã'  fromÃ'  ourÃ'  arbovirusÃ'  rescueÃ'  assays;;Ã'  andÃ'  3)Ã'  DetermineÃ'  whichÃ'  batÃ'  hostÃ'  factorsÃ'  interactingÃ'  withÃ'  effectorÃ'  proteinÃ'  hitsÃ'  affectÃ'  viralÃ'  replication.Ã'  OurÃ'  long-Ã'­termÃ'  goalÃ'  isÃ'  toÃ'  useÃ'  thisÃ'  modelÃ'  systemÃ'  toÃ'  defineÃ' theÃ' keyÃ' batÃ' innateÃ' immuneÃ' mechanismsÃ' thatÃ' restrictÃ' arbovirusÃ' replication.Ã' Ã'  Ã'  Ã'  Ã'  Ã' 

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Exploiting bacterial effector proteins to uncover evolutionarily conserved antiviral host machinery.