Longevity of orthopoxvirus-specific immune responses induced by infection or vaccinationinfectie

In 2022, an unprecedented mpox outbreak occurred in many countries with no prior history of mpox, resulting in the WHO declaring a public health emergency of international concern. In an effort to interrupt the outbreak and reduce future risk, vaccination was offered to groups at risk of contracting mpox, mainly men who have sex with men (MSM). Although the outbreak seems to be contained for now, new cases continue to emerge, including in MSM with pre-existing immunity induced by prior vaccination or infection. This indicates that virus-specific immunity is not long-lived. Approach/working method This project aims to study and compare the magnitude and longevity of immunity induced by either vaccination or infection by performing long-term follow-up and immunological analyses. (Expected) results The results will inform MSM on their current immune status and policy makers with regards to the necessity of potential booster vaccinations. Additionally, they allow for optimal preparedness in case of mpox re-emergence.