Lung Protective Immunity Elicited by Parental Yersinia-Vesicle Vaccine Against Pneumonic Plague

SUMMARY Yersinia pestis is a causative agent of plague. Among different plague forms, the primary pneumonic plague is the deadliest form of human disease.In addition, the appearanceof multiple drug-resistant Y. pestis may cause potential failure of antibiotic treatment. Thus, developing an effective plague vaccine for emergency use is imperative. Our of established studies have indicated that plague vaccine, Yersinia OMVs (O intramuscular (IM) immunization MV46-LcrV), instead of LcrV or F-V subunit antigen, induces robust with a new type adaptive responses in both systemic and lung mucosal compartments and significant elevation of alveolar macrophage (AM) numbers, which provide excellent short- and long-term protection against pulmonary Y. pestis challenge. However, how pneumonic propose infection. Moreover, a better understanding of lung immune mechanisms after immunization will undoubtedly IM O immunization distantly remodels lung immunity against plague, particularly about lung T cells, AMs, and their interrelation, remains elusive. Here, we to decipher these cells and their interrelation in the lung after immunization and upon pulmonary MV46-LcrV aid the development of effective pneumonic plague vaccines.